JAMES WARD
NATURALISM AND
AGNOSTICISM
VOLUME II
NATURALISM
AND
AGNOSTICISM
THE GIFFORD LECTURES DELIVERED BEFORE
THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN
IN THE YEARS 1896–1898
BY
JAMES WARD, Sc. <...> Third Edition November 1906
CONTENTS
OF THE SECOND VOLUME
PART III. <...> THEORY OF PSYCHOPHYSICAL
PARALLELISM
LECTURE XI
VARIOUS FORMS OF THE THEORY
These theories attempt to answer the question: How
are psychical changes related to the physical
changes in the organism? <...> They all start
from the Cartesian doctrine of the essential
disparateness and distinctness of Matter and
Mind. <...> So far they have common thought on
their side; hence it is advisable to enquire
first whether they are tenable even on this
dualistic assumption. .......................................... 16—19
What is meant by the physical series readily
ascertained. <...> But the meaning of the
psychical series not so clear. <...> It is not so
much my consciousness as a unity for me as
my consciousness as a series of events for
the psychophysicist. <...> Ambiguities of the
phrase "parallelism" in this connexion. ............. 19—23
(1) Clifford's exposition of Mind-stuff is only
Matter-stuff over again. ..................................... 23—27
(2) The so-called Two Aspects theory assumes that
two incompatible standpoints can be
stereoscoped into one. ........................................ 27—30
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Naturalism and Agnosticism
Contents
(3) The Conscious Automaton theory leaves the
dualism untouched, and while asserting
invariable concomitance tries to deny any
causal connexion: the two series keep pace,
but yet each "goes along by itself." On the
psychical side, sensation, on the physical,
life, are difficulties in the way of this
theory. <...> Constant
parallelism plus absolute separation is
logically so unstable a position that this
theory either lapses into some form of crude
monism, or one series is in the end
subordinate to the other. ..................................... 30—35
Among scientific men the primacy is usually given
to the material side. <...> Be maintains that sensation is an effect of
molecular change, but will not allow that
molecular changes are ever the effect of
volition. <...> It
is
maintained (1) that there can be no causal <...>
Naturalism_and_agnosticism.pdf
JAMES WARD
NATURALISM AND
AGNOSTICISM
VOLUME II
Стр.1
NATURALISM
AND
AGNOSTICISM
THE GIFFORD LECTURES DELIVERED BEFORE
THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN
IN THE YEARS 1896–1898
BY
JAMES WARD, Sc. D.
HON. LL.D. EDINBURGH; FELLOW OF THE
BRITISH ACADEMY
PROFESSOR OF MENTAL PHILOSOPHY AND
LOGIC
IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
THIRD EDITION
VOLUME II
"Wer die Gesetzmässigkeit der Natur für das verantwortlich
macht, was wirklich
geschieht, behauptet damit,
dass sie Gedanken realisiere, und ist Teleolog ohne es zu
wissen." — SIGWAKT.
LONDON
ADAM AND CHARLES BLACK
1906
All rights reserved
Стр.2
First Edition (in two volumes) published June 1899
Second Edition August 1903. Third Edition November 1906
Стр.3
CONTENTS
OF THE SECOND VOLUME
PART III. THEORY OF PSYCHOPHYSICAL
PARALLELISM
LECTURE XI
VARIOUS FORMS OF THE THEORY
These theories attempt to answer the question: How
are psychical changes related to the physical
changes in the organism? They all start
from the Cartesian doctrine of the essential
disparateness and distinctness of Matter and
Mind. So far they have common thought on
their side; hence it is advisable to enquire
first whether they are tenable even on this
dualistic assumption. ..........................................16—19
What is meant by the physical series readily
ascertained. But
the meaning
of the
psychical series not so clear. It is not so
much my consciousness as a unity for me as
my consciousness as a series of events for
the psychophysicist. Ambiguities of the
phrase "parallelism" in this connexion. .............19—23
(1) Clifford's exposition of Mind-stuff
is
only
Matter-stuff over again. .....................................23—27
(2) The so-called Two Aspects theory assumes that
two incompatible standpoints can be
stereoscoped into one. ........................................27—30
3
Стр.4
Naturalism and Agnosticism
(3) The Conscious Automaton theory leaves the
dualism untouched, and while asserting
invariable concomitance tries to deny any
causal connexion: the two series keep pace,
but yet each "goes along by itself." On the
psychical side, sensation, on the physical,
life, are difficulties in the way of
this
theory. Bow they are got over. Constant
parallelism plus absolute separation is
logically so unstable a position that this
theory either lapses into some form of crude
monism, or one series
is in the
end
subordinate to the other. .....................................30—35
Among scientific men the primacy is usually given
to the material side. Huxley taken as a type.
Be maintains that sensation is an effect of
molecular change, but will not allow that
molecular changes are ever the effect of
volition. To justify this position volition has
to be regarded as "feeling" or sensation
simply. ...............................................................35—38
LECTURE XII
THE CONSCIOUS AUTOMATON THEORY
Doctrine of Conscious Automatism or Psychical
Epiphenomenalism
examined. It is
maintained (1) that there can be no causal
connexion between the psychical and the
physical
series, and yet (2) that the
psychical is a 'collateral product' or
epiphenomenon of the physical. The very
statement is thus self-contradictory. ..................39—42
Mind thus becomes impotent to control matter. In
accepting this position Naturalism is really
at variance with itself. For (1) it elsewhere
assumes that mind is an efficient factor in
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Contents
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